Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is an essential nutrient for producing red blood cells, maintaining nerve function, and DNA synthesis. A deficiency occurs when the body lacks sufficient B12, often due to poor dietary intake or absorption issues.
Causes:
Common causes include inadequate consumption of B12-rich foods (e.g., meat, eggs, and dairy), making vegans and vegetarians particularly at risk. Malabsorption issues, such as in pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis, or after gastrointestinal surgeries, can also lead to deficiency. Chronic alcohol use or certain medications, like metformin or proton pump inhibitors, may interfere with B12 absorption.
Symptoms:
Early signs include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Neurological symptoms, such as tingling in the hands and feet, memory problems, and difficulty concentrating, may develop in severe cases. If untreated, it can cause irreversible nerve damage and cognitive impairments.
Diagnosis and Treatment:
Diagnosis is done through blood tests measuring B12 levels. Treatment includes dietary changes, oral supplements, or B12 injections in severe cases.
Prevention:
Consuming B12-rich foods or fortified products and addressing underlying conditions can help prevent deficiency. Regular screening is advised for high-risk individuals, such as older adults and those with restrictive diets.