Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung conditions, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that obstruct airflow and make breathing difficult. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Causes
The primary cause of COPD is long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs. These include:
- Smoking: The most common cause.
- Air pollution: Both indoor (biomass fuel) and outdoor.
- Occupational hazards: Exposure to dust, chemicals, or fumes.
- Genetics: A deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin can increase susceptibility.
Symptoms
- Persistent cough with mucus.
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity.
- Wheezing and chest tightness.
- Frequent respiratory infections.
Diagnosis
COPD is diagnosed using spirometry, a test that measures lung function. Chest X-rays, CT scans, and blood tests may also assist in evaluation.
Management
Although COPD is incurable, it is manageable through:
- Lifestyle changes: Smoking cessation and exercise.
- Medications: Bronchodilators, steroids, and oxygen therapy.
- Pulmonary rehabilitation: A comprehensive program to improve quality of life.
Prevention
Avoiding smoking, reducing exposure to pollutants, and timely vaccinations are critical in preventing COPD. Early detection and intervention significantly improve patient outcomes.