Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs like the brain, kidneys, and spine. TB remains a global health concern, particularly in developing countries.
Causes and Transmission
TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. However, not everyone exposed to TB bacteria becomes sick. TB infection can be:
- Latent TB: The bacteria remain inactive in the body without causing symptoms.
- Active TB: The bacteria multiply, causing illness and making the person contagious.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of active TB include:
- Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks
- Blood in sputum (cough mucus)
- Chest pain
- Fever and night sweats
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fatigue and weakness
Diagnosis and Treatment
TB is diagnosed through skin tests, blood tests, chest X-rays, and sputum analysis. Treatment involves a six-month course of antibiotics, typically including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
Prevention
The BCG vaccine helps protect against TB, especially in children. Early diagnosis, proper treatment, good hygiene, and improved living conditions help prevent the spread of TB.