Childhood cancers differ from those seen in adults, often developing in different tissues and growing more rapidly. Here are some of the most common types of childhood cancers:
1. Leukemia
Leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, is the most common childhood cancer. The two main types are:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) – The most prevalent type, affecting white blood cells.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) – Affects both red and white blood cells, usually more aggressive.
2. Brain and Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors
These tumors are the second most common childhood cancers and include:
- Medulloblastomas – Fast-growing tumors in the cerebellum.
- Gliomas – Including astrocytomas and ependymomas, affecting brain function.
- Brainstem Gliomas – Often difficult to treat due to their location.
3. Neuroblastoma
This cancer arises from immature nerve cells and primarily affects infants and young children. It commonly starts in the adrenal glands and can spread to other parts of the body.
4. Wilms Tumor
A kidney cancer that typically occurs in children under the age of five. It usually affects one kidney but can occasionally develop in both.
5. Lymphomas
Lymphomas affect the immune system and lymphatic tissue. The two main types are:
- Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) – More common in older children and teenagers.
- Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) – More aggressive and common in younger children.
6. Rhabdomyosarcoma
A cancer of the soft tissues, particularly muscles, most often found in the head, neck, and extremities.
7. Retinoblastoma
A rare eye cancer that primarily affects children under five. It can develop in one or both eyes and may cause vision problems or noticeable white pupils in flash photos.
8. Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma
Both are types of bone cancer:
- Osteosarcoma – The most common bone cancer in children, usually affecting long bones like the femur or humerus.
- Ewing Sarcoma – Affects bones and surrounding soft tissues, often occurring in the pelvis, ribs, or legs.
While childhood cancer is rare, early diagnosis and advanced treatments have significantly improved survival rates. However, access to timely and appropriate care remains a challenge in many parts of the world.