Iodine deficiency is a global health issue that primarily affects thyroid function. Iodine is an essential trace element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate growth, metabolism, and development. A lack of sufficient iodine intake leads to hypothyroidism, goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland), and various developmental disorders, especially in children and pregnant women.
In severe cases, iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in congenital hypothyroidism, leading to cretinism—a condition marked by stunted physical and mental growth. It can also cause stillbirths, miscarriages, and lower IQ levels in children. In adults, prolonged deficiency can lead to fatigue, weight gain, and reduced cognitive function.
Iodine deficiency is most common in areas where the soil lacks iodine, particularly in mountainous regions and places far from the sea. The most effective preventive measure is the iodization of salt, which has been implemented in many countries as a public health intervention. Fortified salt and dietary sources like fish, dairy products, and seaweed can help maintain adequate iodine levels, preventing the associated disorders. Awareness and supplementation programs are critical for addressing iodine deficiency in affected populations.