Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, originates in the kidneys, two bean-shaped organs located in the back of the abdomen. It is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine. Kidney cancer occurs when cells in the kidneys grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. The most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for about 90% of cases. Other less common types include urothelial carcinoma, sarcomas, and Wilms’ tumor, which is more prevalent in children.
Several risk factors contribute to the development of kidney cancer. Smoking significantly increases the risk, as does obesity and high blood pressure. Certain genetic conditions, such as von Hippel-Lindau disease, also predispose individuals to kidney cancer. Additionally, prolonged exposure to certain chemicals, such as those used in the dry-cleaning industry, can elevate risk.
Symptoms of kidney cancer are often subtle in the early stages, making early detection challenging. Common signs include blood in the urine (hematuria), persistent back or side pain, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and intermittent fever. In many cases, kidney cancer is discovered incidentally during imaging tests for other conditions.
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRIs, along with urine and blood tests. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Once diagnosed, the stage of the cancer is determined based on tumor size and the extent of its spread.
Treatment options for kidney cancer depend on the stage and overall health of the patient. Surgery, particularly a nephrectomy (removal of part or all of the kidney), is the primary treatment for localized kidney cancer. Other treatments include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and, in some cases, radiation therapy. Advances in these treatments have improved the prognosis for many patients.
Early detection and advances in treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Regular check-ups and awareness of risk factors can aid in early diagnosis, potentially leading to more effective treatment and better prognosis.
