HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. The virus can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition where the immune system is severely compromised, making individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers. Globally, HIV remains a significant public health issue, with approximately 38 million people living with the virus as of 2020. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the standard treatment for HIV, consisting of a combination of medications that can effectively suppress the virus, slow disease progression, and prevent transmission. Early diagnosis of HIV is crucial, as starting ART early improves health outcomes and reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to others.
Ongoing research focuses on developing new prevention methods, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and vaccines, to further control the spread of HIV. It is important to raise awareness, combat stigma, and ensure universal access to HIV prevention, testing, treatment, and care services to achieve the goal of ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic.