Thyroid deficiency, commonly known as hypothyroidism, occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones—primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, body temperature, energy levels, and overall growth and development.
The most common cause of thyroid deficiency is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes include iodine deficiency, certain medications, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the thyroid. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in women and older adults.
Symptoms of thyroid deficiency often develop slowly and may include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, depression, constipation, slowed heart rate, and menstrual irregularities. In children, untreated hypothyroidism can affect growth and development, while in adults, it can lead to complications like goiter, infertility, and heart problems.
Diagnosis involves blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 levels. High TSH and low T4 typically indicate hypothyroidism.
Treatment usually consists of daily thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4. With proper treatment and regular monitoring, individuals with thyroid deficiency can lead normal, healthy lives. Early diagnosis and consistent care are key to effective management.