Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, known as trisomy 21. This additional genetic material affects physical and cognitive development, leading to characteristic features and varying degrees of intellectual disability. Common physical traits include almond-shaped eyes with an upward slant, a small nose, a flat facial profile, low muscle tone, and a single crease across the palm.
Individuals with Down syndrome may experience developmental delays, learning difficulties, and an increased risk of medical conditions such as heart defects, hearing loss, vision problems, and thyroid disorders. Despite these challenges, early intervention, specialized education, and supportive therapies can help improve their quality of life.
The condition occurs in approximately 1 in 700 births worldwide and is not influenced by race or socioeconomic status. Advanced maternal age is a well-known risk factor, though Down syndrome can occur in pregnancies at any age. Diagnosis can be made prenatally through screening tests or confirmed with diagnostic procedures like amniocentesis.
With proper medical care, social support, and inclusive opportunities, individuals with Down syndrome can lead fulfilling lives, contribute to their communities, and achieve personal milestones. Life expectancy has significantly improved, with many living into their 60s or beyond.