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Osteoporosis is a chronic condition characterized by weakened bones, making them fragile and more prone to fractures. It develops when bone mass and density decrease, affecting the bone’s structure and strength. This condition is often referred to as a “silent disease” because it progresses without noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs.

Causes:

Osteoporosis occurs when the balance between bone formation and bone resorption (breakdown) shifts, causing more bone to be lost than replaced. Factors that contribute to this include:

  • Aging: Bone density naturally decreases with age.
  • Hormonal changes: In women, decreased estrogen levels after menopause significantly increase the risk of osteoporosis. In men, lower testosterone levels can have a similar effect.
  • Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of calcium, vitamin D, or poor nutrition impairs bone health.
  • Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of weight-bearing exercise weakens bones.
  • Genetics: Family history can play a role in susceptibility to osteoporosis.

Symptoms:

Osteoporosis often remains asymptomatic until a fracture occurs. Common fracture sites include the hip, spine, and wrist. A compression fracture in the spine may cause height loss, back pain, or a stooped posture.

Diagnosis:

Osteoporosis is diagnosed using a bone density test, typically a DEXA scan (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), which measures bone mineral density (BMD) and compares it to healthy levels.

Treatment:

  • Medications: Bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), or newer medications like denosumab can help slow bone loss and increase bone strength.
  • Lifestyle changes: Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, along with weight-bearing exercises, are crucial for managing osteoporosis. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol can also help.

Osteoporosis requires lifelong management, with early prevention and treatment essential to reducing fracture risks and maintaining bone health.