Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, one of the most widely distributed nerves in the head. It is characterized by sudden, severe, electric-shock-like pain in the areas of the face where the nerve is distributed: typically the cheeks, jaw, teeth, gums, lips, or less commonly, the eyes and forehead. The pain is often triggered by mild stimulation, such as brushing teeth, eating, talking, or even a light breeze.
TN is classified into two main types: Type 1 (TN1), which is characterized by sporadic, intense bursts of pain that can last from a few seconds to a couple of minutes; and Type 2 (TN2), where the pain is more constant but less intense, often described as aching or burning. The condition can worsen over time, with episodes becoming more frequent or intense.
The underlying cause of trigeminal neuralgia is often nerve compression, typically by a nearby blood vessel pressing on the trigeminal nerve as it exits the brainstem. Other causes may include multiple sclerosis (MS), which damages the nerve’s protective covering, or tumors. However, in many cases, no clear cause is identified.
Diagnosis involves a clinical examination, medical history, and imaging tests like MRI to rule out other conditions.
Treatment options vary based on severity and patient response. Medications, such as anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants, are typically the first line of treatment, as they help reduce pain episodes by stabilizing nerve activity. In cases where medications are ineffective, surgical options like microvascular decompression or radiofrequency ablation may be considered to relieve nerve pressure or disrupt pain signals.
Though TN is not life-threatening, it can be severely debilitating, impacting daily activities and mental health. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve quality of life and manage symptoms effectively.